The car industry has undergone significant changes over the years, with new technology and opportunities expected to continue in the coming decades. Just picture yourself sitting in a moving vehicle that has no driver, yet moving and making the right turns and stops, all by itself. This innovation has completely shifted driving dynamics, bringing into the scene an entirely new perspective to driving. These advanced vehicles use sensors, cameras, and advanced AI algorithms to enhance driving decisions, accelerating their growth through advancements in computer vision, LiDAR technology, and AI.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are revolutionizing transportation by eliminating the need for human drivers, allowing for more efficient time spent in the car. This significant advancement in modern transportation transitions from assistive technologies to fully self-navigating systems, significantly impacting everyday life and city function.
History of autonomous vehicles
ADAS development began in the 1920s with cruise control in 1948. Japan’s Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory pioneered semi-autonomous driving in 1977, followed by Carnegie Mellon’s Navlab and the ALV project in the 1980s. The Navlab 5 made history in 1995 by completing a coast-to-coast autonomous journey across the U.S.
The U.S. government invested $650 million in the National Automated Highway System in 1991, which led to a successful 1997 demonstration. Delphi conducted an autonomous drive of over 5,400 km across 15 states, navigating 99% of the route without human intervention. Europe joined the automation race between 2016 and 2018 through the CARTRE and SCOUT initiatives, which influenced the 2019 STRIA Roadmap.
Google launched a project in 2009 intending to introduce AVs by 2020, while Uber and Volvo introduced their third generation of AVs. Apple’s “Titan” project, launched in 2014, aimed for AVs by 2016, but faced challenges and never came to life. New startup companies like Zoox have also launched AVs, with Zoox’s value increasing rapidly to $3.2 billion by 2018. Cities have allowed AV testing, and in the US, 20 states have allowed public road deployment and testing of AVs.
Waymo tested cars without safety drivers in 2017, but tragedy struck in 2018 when an Uber test vehicle fatally struck Elaine Herzberg. Waymo launched the first commercial robotaxi service in Phoenix and expanded operations within geofenced zones by 2020. Honda introduced 100 Legend Hybrid EX sedans equipped with Level 3 autonomous technology in March 2021.
Accidents statistics
In 2022, California registered 1,552 autonomous vehicles, driving 5.7 million miles and involved in 150 collisions. The crash rate was 96.7 per 1,000 AVs and 26.3 per million miles traveled. Between June 2024 and March 2025, there were 570 reported crashes involving automated driving systems in the U.S., with California reporting the highest number, 761. Rear-related damage dominates crash reports, accounting for over 35% of all reported damage. Passenger cars were the most common collision partners in 1,208 reported ADS crashes, accounting for 489 incidents. Despite the frequency, 1,083 cases reported no injuries, with only one fatality recorded.

But rather than uncertain technology, human behavior around autonomous vehicles (AVs) frequently results in collisions. Impatient drivers, bikers or e-scooters who misjudge AV stopping patterns, and distracted drivers who gently rear-end are some of the causes. Just 10 out of 150 AV crashes in 2022 featured e-scooters, bicycles, or pedestrians; the remaining collisions involved other vehicles. Although AVs often adhere to protocol, small errors might turn into fatal disasters.
Societal and cultural acceptance
Autonomous vehicle (AV) adoption is influenced by public perceptions of safety and trust, which can impact public approval. A US survey study by Casley et al. examined the impact of safety, technological cost, and liability issues on AV adoption. Bazilinskyy et al. (2015) conducted three surveys in 112 countries with 8862 respondents to estimate public acceptance of AVs. Results showed that people from low-income countries are more likely to be positive towards AVs than those from high-income countries. However, high-income countries were more concerned about software failure and developed countries were less comfortable with vehicle transmitting data.
Willingness to pay is a key factor for the success of any new technology, especially in the initial state where the cost is high. Previous surveys show that only 60% of people are willing to pay more for AVs, with AVs being more attractive to people who make long trips and live in countries with high accident rates.

Surveys show that males are more optimistic about AVs than females, with 19% fully AVs compared to 12.4% of females. However, females have higher levels of concern about fully AVs and are more comfortable with higher levels of automation. Females are more concerned about the risks of AVs, with an average 3/5 of males believing AVs will increase safety compared to 2.37/5 of females.
Future of self-driving/autonomous vehicles
Automakers are being pushed by consumer demand to implement more automation and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), which could increase passenger car sales by $300 to $400 billion by 2035. The use of AVs may result in fewer cars on the road, fewer collisions, calmer cities, and lower emissions. Urban livability would be improved by features like automated logistics and the removal of parking costs.
Only 4% of new cars are anticipated to have Level 3 or greater autonomy by 2030, indicating a gradual but steady shift. AVs have the potential to transform workplaces, industries, and commuter habits, but this development necessitates infrastructure improvements, public support, legal reform, and a defined framework for accident liability.































